贵州鸟王茶产地土壤与茶叶中微量元素含量的相关性

为了解鸟王茶产地土壤及茶叶中微量元素特征,更好地提高鸟王茶品质,对土壤及茶叶中微量元素的含量进行测定,并对植茶土壤与茶叶中微量元素的相关性进行分析。结果表明：土壤 Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Mo 全量为 Fe（30576．00 mg／kg）＞Mn（99．95 mg／kg）＞Zn（60．18 mg／kg）＞Cu（13．44 mg／kg）＞Mo （1．17 mg／kg）,土壤 Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Mo、B 有效态含量表现为 Fe（131．52 mg／kg）＞Mn（15．49 mg／kg）＞Zn（3．78 mg／kg）＞Cu（1．07 mg／kg）＞B（0．29 mg／kg）＞Mo（0．03 mg／kg）;野生茶园茶叶中 Fe、Mn、Zn 平均含量为 Fe（340．52 mg／kg）＞Mn（340．09 mg／kg）＞Zn（48．15 mg／kg）,人工茶园茶叶中 Fe、Mn、Zn 平均含量为 Mn（160．28）＞Fe（143．76）＞Zn（20．47）。全 Zn 低于中国土壤的平均水平而高于世界的土壤平均水平,其余均低于中国及世界土壤的平均水平;有效 Fe、Zn 分布在高等水平,有效 Cu 分布在中高水平,有效Mn 分布在低等和高等水平,而有效 Mo、有效 B 的分布在低等水平;茶叶中的 Mn、Cu 与土壤中的 Mn、Cu呈极显著正相关,茶叶中的 Fe 与土壤中的 Fe 呈显著正相关,茶叶中的 Zn 与土壤中的 Zn 呈正相关,而茶叶中的 Mo 与土壤中的 Mo 呈显著负相关。     

烟田不适用烟叶高温发酵肥料对烤烟生长和品质的影响

为探讨使用不适用烟叶高温发酵生产的有机肥对烤烟生产和发育的影响,在控制总氮量一致的情况下,以农家肥和烟草专用复合肥为参照进行试验。结果表明:在大田生长前期,施用有机肥的烟株较烟草专用复合肥处理生长滞后,90 d后烟株植物学性状基本相同。不适用烟叶高温发酵肥料的烟田表现出病害发生较小的优势。2种有机肥处理烟叶中总糖含量显著低于烟草专用复合肥,两者差距不显著;不适用烟叶高温发酵有机肥烟叶中具有最高的烟碱含量,最低的糖碱比;有机肥都能提高烟叶的上等烟比例和均价,但是烟草专用复合肥能够提高小区产量和产值。     

种植翻压紫云英对耕层土壤结构性能及有机碳含量的影响

利用5年连续种植、翻压紫云英的定位试验稻田为平台,研究了紫云英-单季水稻种植体系下土壤结构性能及有机碳含量的变化。研究结果表明:与不施肥对照相比,长期种植翻压紫云英能显著提高土壤有机碳及易氧化有机碳含量,促进土壤大颗粒团聚体的形成,降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度;在4个处理中,翻压紫云英+施用化肥处理的土壤微生物量C、微生物量N含量均最高,土壤活性有机碳比例高达38.5%。     

基质配比、有机肥添加比例和营养钵体积对红香芋幼苗生长及球茎产量的影响

为了完善红香芋育苗技术体系,培育健壮幼苗,研究了基质配比、有机肥添加比例、营养钵体积等育苗关键因素对红香芋幼苗生长及球茎产量的影响。试验以地方品种"建昌红香芋"为材料,采用5种基质配比、3种商品有机肥添加比例以及4种营养钵体积进行试验处理,以幼苗生长状态及定植后芋球茎产量为评价指标。结果表明,草炭和蛭石按1∶1(体积比)比例混合的复合基质,因其持水孔隙比例高,保水性最好,所培育的幼苗株高、植株干重及根系活力均显著高于其它基质配比;随着复合基质中有机肥添加比例的增加,红香芋出苗速度减慢,基质中添加5%的有机肥(体积比)可提高幼苗的根系活力,增加叶面积及生物量积累。随着育苗营养钵体积增大,幼苗的株高、叶面积、根系活力及植株干物质积累均增加。幼苗移栽后的球茎产量测定表明,幼苗越健壮,获得的产量越高。上述结果说明,采用草炭和蛭石按1∶1(体积比)的比例配制的复合基质、基质中添加5%的有机肥(体积比)、体积为1500 cm3的营养钵(直径×高为12 cm×13 cm)育苗,红香芋幼苗生长健壮,移栽后芋球茎产量高,可在芋头育苗栽培中应用。     

有机无机肥配施对烤烟生长及产质量的影响

以K326为材料,通过田间试验,研究了有机无机肥与化肥配施对烤烟生长发育、产量及质量的影响。结果表明:施用贝斯特有机无机肥(T4处理)和圣农有机无机肥能够促进烟株生长,显著地提高烤烟的产量和产值。T4处理的烤后烟叶外观质量较好,内在化学成分更协调,感官质量评吸结果最佳。     

不同工况柴油机排气余热回收系统试验与仿真

基于有机朗肯循环(Organic rankine cycle,ORC)设计了柴油机排气余热回收系统。建立了ORC热力学仿真模型预测系统回收性能,并对某款柴油发动机在有、无ORC作用下分别进行试验,对比了试验数据与仿真结果,验证了模型的有效性。将模型应用于不同工况下,观察不同工质流量对ORC净功率及热效率的影响,结果表明ORC净功率随着转速的增加而增加,不同工况下最大热效率均为12.1%,且对应的工质流量选择区间随着转速的提高而扩大,此区间的确定可为ORC试验时工质流量范围的选择提供参考依据。     

Effect of lithological substrate on microbial biomass and enzyme activity in brown soil profiles in the northern Apennines (Italy)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the microbial activity along forest brown soil profiles sequence developed on different lithological substrates (carbonate or non-carbonated cement in sandstone formations) at different altitudes. The main question posed was: does carbonate affect the biochemical activity of brown soil profiles at different altitudes? For the purpose of this study, four soil profiles with different amounts and compositions of SOM developed on different lithological substrates were selected: two with carbonate (MB and MZ) and the other two with non-carbonated cement in the sandstone formations (MF1 and MF2). Chemical and biochemical properties of soil were analysed along soil profiles in order to assess the SOM quantity and quality, namely total organic C (C_org), water extractable organic C (WEOC) and humification indices (HI, DH, HR). Microbial biomass (C_mic and N_mic) content, as well as the specific activities of acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase and chitinase enzymes were chosen as indicators of biochemical activity. The soil biochemical properties provided evidence of better conditions for microorganisms in MB than in MF1, MF2 and MZ soil profiles, since patterns of microbial biomass content and activity might be expected in response to the amount and quality of organic substances. The different lithological substrates did not show any clear effect on soil microbial biomass content, since similar values were obtained in MF1, MF2 (with non-carbonated cement) and MZ (with carbonate). However, the specific activities of acid phosphatase (per unit of C_org and per unit of C_mic) were higher in soils with no carbonate (MF1 and MF2) than in soils with carbonate (MB and MZ). In conclusion, the biochemical activity along brown soil profiles was mainly regulated by different soil organic matter content and quality, while the two different lithological substrates (with carbonate or non-carbonated cement in the sandstone formations) did not show any direct effect on microbial biomass and its activity. However, the activity of acid phosphatase per unit of C was particularly enhanced in soil with non-carbonate cement in the sandstone formations.     

Long-term organic phosphorus mineralization in Spodosols under forests and its relation to carbon and nitrogen mineralization

In forest soils where a large fraction of total phosphorus (P) is in organic forms, soil micro-organisms play a major role in the P cycle and plant availability since they mediate organic P transformations. However, the correct assessment of organic P mineralization is usually a challenging task because mineralized P is rapidly sorbed and most mineralization fluxes are very weak. The objectives of the present work were to quantify in five forest Spodosols at soil depths of 0-15 cm net mineralization of total organic P and the resulting increase in plant available inorganic P and to verify whether net or gross P mineralization could be estimated using the C or N mineralization rates. Net mineralization of total organic P was derived from the net changes in microbial P and gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter. We studied very low P-sorbing soils enabling us to use lower extractants to assess the change in total inorganic P as a result of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter. In addition, to enable detection of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter, a long-term incubation (517 days) experiment was carried out. At the beginning of the experiment, total P contents of the soils were very low (19-51 μg g⁻¹) and were essentially present as organic P (17-44 μg g⁻¹, 85-91%) or microbial P (6-14 μg g⁻¹; 24-39%). Conversely, the initial contents of inorganic P were low (2-7 μg g⁻¹; 9-15%). The net changes in the pool size of microbial P during the 517 days of incubation (4-8 μg g⁻¹) and the amounts of P resulting from gross mineralization of dead soil organic matter (0.001-0.018 μg g⁻¹ day⁻¹; 0.4-9.5 μg g⁻¹ for the entire incubation period) were considerable compared to the initial amounts of organic P and also when compared to the initial diffusive iP fraction (<0.3 μg g⁻¹). Diffusive iP corresponds to the phosphate ions that can be transferred from the solid constituents to the soil solution under a gradient of concentration. Net mineralization of organic P induced an important increase in iP in soil solution (0.6-10 μg g⁻¹; 600-5000% increase) and lower increases in diffusive iP fractions (0.3-5 μg g⁻¹; 300-2000% increase), soil solid constituents having an extremely low reactivity relative to iP. Therefore, soil micro-organisms and organic P transformations play a major role in the bioavailability of P in these forest soils. In our study, the dead soil organic matter was defined as a recalcitrant organic fraction. Probably because gross mineralization of P from this recalcitrant organic fraction was mainly driven by the micro-organisms’ needs for energy, the rates of gross mineralization of C, N and P in the recalcitrant organic fraction were similar. Indirect estimation of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter using the gross C mineralization rate seems thus an alternative method for the studied soils. However, additional studies are needed to verify this alternative method in other soils. No relationships were found between microbial P release and microbial C and N releases.     

Unfrozen water content moderates temperature dependence of sub-zero microbial respiration

Abrupt increases in the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration below 0 °C have been interpreted as a change in the dominance of other co-dependent environmental controls, such as the availability of liquid-state water. Yet the relationship between unfrozen water content and soil respiration at sub-zero temperatures has received little attention because of difficulties in measuring unfrozen water contents. Using a recently-developed semi-solid ²H NMR technique the unfrozen water content present in seasonally frozen boreal forest soils was quantified and related to biotic CO₂ efflux in laboratory microcosms maintained at temperatures between −0.5 and −8 °C. In both soils the unfrozen water content had an exponential relationship with temperature and was increased by addition of KCl solutions of defined osmotic potential. Approximately 13% unfrozen water was required to release the dependence of soil respiration on unfrozen water content. Depending on the osmotic potential of soil solution, this threshold unfrozen water content was associated with temperatures down to −6 °C; yet if temperature were the predictor of CO₂ efflux, then the abrupt increase in the temperature sensitivity of CO₂ efflux was associated with −2 °C, except in soils amended with −1500 kPa KCl which did not show any abrupt changes in temperature sensitivity. The KCl-amendments also had the effect of decreasing Q₁₀ values and activation energies (Ea) by factors of 100 and three, respectively, to values comparable with those for soil respiration in unfrozen soil. The disparity between the threshold temperatures and the reductions in Q₁₀ values and activation energies after KCl amendment indicates the significance of unfrozen water availability as an environmental control of equal importance to temperature acting on sub-zero soil respiration. However, this significance was diminished when soils were supplied with abundant labile C (sucrose) and the influences of other environmental controls, allied to the solubility and diffusion of respiratory substrates and gases, are considered to increase.     

Dominant effects of litter substrate quality on the difference between leaf and root decomposition process above- and belowground

Initial decomposition rates, changes in organic chemical components (acid-insoluble fraction, holocellulose, polyphenols, soluble carbohydrates) and nutrient dynamics (K, Mg, Ca, P, N) were examined for fine roots and leaves of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa). Litterbag experiments designed to evaluate the relative effects of litter type and position of litter supply in the soil were carried out, considering that root and leaf litter typically occupy different locations and have different substrate qualities. Litterbags of roots and leaves were placed at two positions (on the soil surface and in the humus layer), and collected every 3 months over one year. The mass loss rate and N release were slower during root decomposition in the humus layer than during leaf decomposition on the soil surface. These differences between root and leaf decomposition were mainly caused by the litter type, and the effect of the position on decomposition was relatively small. Root litter was less influenced by position related effects, such as differences in humidity, than leaf litter, and this recalcitrant trait to environmental effects may be responsible for the slower mass loss rate and N release in root decomposition. The results of the present study suggest that fine roots are persistent in the soil and serve an important role in N retention in forest ecosystems because of their litter substrate quality.